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Wyrtig - In early sources
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In Early
Sources...
Calendula
Calendula
officinalis
The calendula has been used over the centuries for a variety of
medicinal purposes. Its leaves and flowers were used as a mild
stimulant, to prevent or treat fever, for skin diseases, to cause
sweating, and to ease muscle cramps.
Just looking at the flower helped heal eye disorders.
The Romans called the first day of
a month the calendae. Calendula flowered so abundantly
in Roman gardens that it seemed to be in bloom on
the
calendae
of every month, thus meriting the name calendula.
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Medieval Names
Many
of calendula's other names in the old herbals are poetic in
themselves.
As the sponsa solis,
calendula is the spouse of the sun, and solaris
herba means the sun's herb.
With
the advent of Christianity, calendula was associated with another divine spouse, the Virgin Mary, and came to be called Mary's
golde,
marigold. Another of
its names, vertamnus, is the name of a shapeshifting Etruscan
and then
Roman god of gardens and orchards, seasons, change, and plant growth.
The
ruddy gold color of the flowers is recalled in such names as
rodelwort, ruddos, rodes, rodewort,
ruddis, and, simply,
golde.
Calendula flowers
open in sunshine, and so it was also called sun (sigel, sol) follower or turner (hweorf) -- in Old English,
sensigle, solsecle, solwherf,
sigilhweorfa; in Latin,
solsequium, heliotrope or
eliatrope. Ymbglide,
glide together, may also refer to this trait. |
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Ælfric |
Solsequium
solsæce, solsece
Eliotropiae sigilhwerue
Solsequium
solsæce,
solsece |
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Capitulare de Villis |
Solsequiam
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Herbarium Apuleii
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Sigelwearfa
Sigilhweorfa
Be þe grecas heliotrophus 7 romane uertamnum
nemnaþ 7 eac angle sigelhweorfa hataþ
Æliotrophus
ƀ is sigelhweorfa
Eliotropus
ƀ is sigilhweorfa
Solsequia
Man solate 7 oþrum naman solosece nemneþ
Solata
ƀ is solosece
Solsequia |
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Lacnunga |
Sigelhweorfa
Solsequium |
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Leechbook |
Sigelhweorfan,
sigelhweorfa
Sigelhweorfan
þa smalan unwæscene |
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Calendula in medieval works |
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That
sight upon that semly,
to bliss he is broght;
He is
solsecle:
To sauve is forsought.
"Annot and Iohon,"
Harley 2253
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One who seemly
sees this,
to bliss he is brought;
She is calendula,
for salvation sought..
"Annot and Iohon,"
Harley 2253
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Heo is
lilie of largesse,
Heo is
parwenke of prowesse,
Heo is
solsecle of swetnesse,
and lady of lealte.
"Blou northerne wynd,"
Harley 2253 |
She is the lily
of generosity,
She is the
periwinkle of prowess,
She is the
solsequium of sweetness,
and the
lady of loyalty.
"Blow, Northern Wind"
Harley
2253
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LI.
Eliotropia, sive Solissequa
Sponte mea
nascor fecundo
cespite
vernans
Fulgida de
croceo flavescunt
culmina
flore
Occiduo
claudor, sic orto
sole
patesco
Unde prudentes posuerunt
nomina Graeci
Aldhelm,
Enigmata LI
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LI. Heliotrope, or solsequium
Spontaneously my fertile land
brings forth spring
Shining flowers turn the summit
saffron gold
Lesser settings fade, plants
alone reveal
Why your Greek name is wisely given.
Aldhelm,
Riddle LI
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Þe
golde flour is good to sene,
it
makyÞ Þe syht bryt and clene;
wyscely to lokyn on his flowres,
draweÞ
owt of Þe heed
Þe
wikked hirores.
Macer,
De Viribus
Herbarum |
The calendula flower is good to see,
it makes the sight bright and clear;
wisely to look on its flowers
draws out of the head
the wicked humours.
Macer,
On the Strengths
of Herbs
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Rodewort... Þis flour hauyÞ a gret vertue, for what day Þou seist
it, in Þat day shal nat Þe feuere take Þe, Þe whiche is clepid
febris acuta. ...Who Þat hauyÞ Þis feuere on him, Þis si3t wole nat
helpe him, but he shal take to him a lef an half lef of Þis herbe
and soke hem in wyne and Þan drynke Þat wyn and Þe leues also.
Macer |
Calendula ...This flower has
great virtue, for on the day you see it, in that day the fever that
is called febris acuta shall not affect you... Whoever has this
fever already, the sight of calendula will not help him, but he
shall take to him one and one-half leaves of this herb and soak them
in wine, and then drink that wine and the leaves also.
Macer
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Gif mon mið
treowe geslegen sie oððe
mid stane oððe
byle on men gebersted . to
Þon
dolh sealf . gytÞrife
. ontre . geloðwyrt
. sigelhweorfa . gecnuwa
Þa
wyrta swiÞe
gemeng wel wið
buteran y on
Þa
ilcan wisan gerena the ic aer cweÞ.
Leechbook,
I.xxxviii.vii |
If one be
wounded by wood or by stone or if a boil bursts in one * for
this wound a salve * corn cockle * silverweed * potentilla *
calendula * pound the worts smooth mix well with butter as I
said above.
Leechbook,
I.xxxviii.vii
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Sealf wiÞ cancre . genim cu meoluc
butan wætere læt weorÞan to fletum geÞwer to buteran ne wærc on
wætre. Nim sigelhweorfan Þa smalan unwærcene do cleane cnuca
smooth gemeng wel wið Þære buteran do on Þannan ofer fyr awyl swiðe
aseoh wel Þurh clað lacna mid Þy.
Leechbook,
I.xliv.ii |
A salve for
cancer
*
take cow's milk without
water churn it to cream to make butter do not wash in water.
Take the small calendula unwashed make it clean pound it
thoroughly mix it well with the butter in a pan over the fire seethe it
smooth strain well through a cloth cure therewith.
Leechbook,
I.xliv.ii
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Please note: Many plants have
been used in past and present times for medicinal purposes, and as
one of the focuses of Wyrtig is the history of gardening, these uses
are discussed here. However, common sense
requires that you consult your family physician or other
health care provider before using any plant materials for medicinal
purposes. The old saying that "A doctor who treats him- (or her-)
self has a fool for a patient" is no less true in herbal medicine
than in any other branch of the healing sciences. Herbal remedies
should not be used by the uninformed; medical advice should be
sought before using any herbal remedy. |
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